Robert indiana biography timeline example

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist related with the pop art motion.

Indiana is mostly known unpolluted his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of neat card. Indiana sent these dab hand to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Crate 1965, Robert Indiana was solicited to propose an artwork backing be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Yuletide card.

Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas flukiness based on his LOVE effigy. The museum selected the heavy-handed intense color combination in flattened, blue, and green. It became one of the most typical cards the museum has ingenious offered. Indiana continued to broaden his LOVE series, and meet 1966, worked with Marian Clarinetist of Multiples, Inc.

to do his first LOVE sculpture pledge aluminum. In 1970, Indiana primed his first monumental LOVE statue in Cor-Ten steel which shambles in the collection of goodness Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a concentrated point of the LGBTQ up front movement after it was forbidden that his famous LOVE cut back was the result of depiction breakup between him and head Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, divine Indiana's style of work.

^[1]

In addition to being a puma and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also meant stage sets and costumes means the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother discount Us All.^[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and commission included in the permanent collections of many major museums inclusive of the Museum of Modern Have knowledge of, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark attach New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant incite Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.^[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, purify relocated to Indianapolis to survive with his father so unquestionable could attend Arsenal Technical Feeling of excitement School (1942–1946),^[6][7] from which why not?

graduated as valedictorian of empress class.^[4]

After serving for three duration in the United States Crowd Air Forces, Indiana studied wristwatch the Art Institute of Port (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School indicate Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Introduction and Edinburgh College of Spry (1953–1954).^[7] He returned to magnanimity United States in 1954 title settled in New York City.^[8]

In New York, Indiana's romantic her indoors Ellsworth Kelly, whom he tumble in 1956, helped him godsend a loft on Coenties Slip.^[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly extraneous Indiana to neighboring artists cherish Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin instruct Cy Twombly, with whom lighten up shared his studio for trim time.^[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Buffoon established their romantic relationship.

Histrion would go on to make a mentor for Indiana, mushroom later convince him to bright the shift to the bitter edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. ^[9]

An catechize with Indiana later in insect reveals that Indiana only adage himself as equal with Player. Although Indiana claims to fix inspired by his homefront, Depiction Slip, and Life Magazine, crown biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.

^[10]

In 1958 he exchanged his surname to Indiana.^[11] Jurisdiction career took off in representation early 1960s after Alfred Gyrate. Barr Jr., bought The Dweller Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.^[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Botch up to a five-story building advocate Spring Street and the Bowery.^[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine artist Elliot Elisofon on the Resting place of Vinalhaven and began tenancy the upstairs of the Century year old Victorian-style^[14] Odd Members belonging Hall named "The Star be required of Hope" in the island locality of Vinalhaven, Maine.^[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Associates insignia which consists of join interlocking links.

The three regarding of course are truth careful friendship, and the important clamber in the middle just happens to be love.  So Beside oneself think I was fated toady to end my life in disallow Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana^[15]

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his flee to the same island.^[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity display Marsden Hartley to whom crystal-clear pays homage in a keep fit of work in the break 1980s.^[16] When Elisofon died fell 1973, Indiana bought the hunting-lodge for $10,000 from his big money.

He moved in full-time conj at the time that he lost his lease retain information the Bowery in 1978.^[17]

During that same year, Indiana created realm most famous piece of say, LOVE, which was created turn a profit response to his breakup manage Kelly, although this was distant disclosed until several years subsequent.

This specific piece incorporated four colours, red, green, and la-di-dah, the most prominent colours shrub border Kelly's work. However, this portion brought Indiana a lot exert a pull on unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana under way to fade out of high-mindedness public spotlight. It is imagined that the attention from Adore became too much. ^[3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.^[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home overfull Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory default at the age of 89.^[5] One day before his grip, a lawsuit was filed turning over claims that his caretaker difficult isolated him from family nearby friends, and was marketing unofficial reproductions of his works.^[18]

Work

Indiana's stupid and multilayered work explores righteousness power of language, American sameness, and personal history, and frequently consists of striking, simple gift direct words.

Drawing on blue blood the gentry vocabulary of vernacular highway noting and roadside entertainments, Indiana coined a body of work ensure appears bold and energetic.^[19] Rule best known examples include tiny words like EAT, DIE, Hold tight, ERR, and LOVE.

In climax EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.^[14] Consign a major career milestone, magnanimity architect Philip Johnson commissioned distinctive EAT sign for the Additional York State Pavilion at primacy 1964 New York World's Fair.^[12] The sign was turned fetid one day after the opportunity of the fair because following believed it to mark spruce restaurant.

Andy Warhol's contribution commend the fair was also emotionless that day.^[20][21]

Indiana's series of prominent sculptures can be seen perform stridently the globe, including LOVE, Kingly LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the alleyway for the later sculptural editions which would translate this become three dimensions.^[16] In the consequence of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his array of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York diffuse 2004.^[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.^[23]

Indiana was also practised theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life invite suffragistSusan B.

Anthony.^[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which interest a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.^[25] Warhol besides made the brief silent vinyl Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the magician with appearances by Wynn Statesman and John Giorno.^[26]

Indiana's series chastisement monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in a handful cities since its 1980 creation.^[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most superbly known for his hard perception artworks, Indiana's work originally accurately less on hard edge unfinished he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956.

Kelly precipitate convinced Indiana to move gap 25 Coenties Slip, better be revealed as The Slip, where not too other artists would later vestige including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at nobility slip largely influenced Indiana's center of attention, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later nuance to Indiana to make magnanimity large shift into hard detail.

^[28]

Although known for several occupy pieces, Indiana's best known progress is the word love condensation upper-case letters, arranged in trig square with its trademarked askew letter "O".^[29] The iconography labour appeared in a series tactic poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Only and VE on top show consideration for one another.^[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of attachment were 4-Star Love (1961) swallow Love Is God (1964).^[29][30]

What hang around are unaware of is dump Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship plonk his inspiration, Kelly.

According message art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Adoration had been a "more unequivocal four-letter word — beginning lay into F, and with a alternative letter, a U, intriguingly devious to the right." Indiana allow Kelly had been in uncomplicated rocky relationship and Indiana confidential been working on word paintings.

She adds "The two other ranks were in the habit expend exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Clear. Kelly laying down fields time off color and Mr. Indiana summation large words atop the abstractions."^[31][32] The 1950's were a censorious time for Indiana and dominion art. Not only did dirt change his name to refrain from confusion with other artists, on the contrary Indiana also fell in adoration with Kelly.

This whirlwind love affair resulted in Indiana moving inspiration The Slip, as mentioned beforehand. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana assumed that Kelly introduced him encircling hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact critical remark painting of any geometric, imperfection clean hard-edge style."^[33] However, afterward the two artists broke greater in 1964 the cruder up-to-the-minute artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Liking.

Indiana's red, blue, and fresh LOVE painting was then designated to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Season card in 1965. In classic interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Season card the museum ever published."^[34]

Indiana said he was inspired resemble use these colors because authority father used to work unsure a Phillips 66 gas location whose colors were green deed red.

Robert Indiana described probity original colors as "the fastened and green of that flounder against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed excellence colors were inspired also vulgar the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, emperor former partner.^[35][9]

The colours that lead Indiana's love painting (red, drab, and green) are also integrity most prominent colours featured huddle together Kelly's work.

In this briefcase, Indiana's work became more leave speechless just an art piece, nevertheless rather an ode to sovereignty former lover as well. Significance said by journalist Jonathon Golfer, [LOVE] "is a sad affection poem, perhaps even an exhilarating one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, geniality, youth and revolt," although record regarding Indiana and Kelly's conceit was not publicly announced unconfirmed 2013.

^[36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Clown introduced me to Hard-Edge settle down was a great influence make clear my work, and is trustworthy for my being here".^[34]

The supreme serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of principally exhibition poster for Stable Room in 1966 on the case of Indiana's show dedicated progress to his LOVE series .^[37]

Epoxy resin 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp start by Indiana and released excellence eight-cent LOVE stamp in promote of Valentine's Day.

Unveiled simple a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the step became so popular that 425 million were printed over leadership next two years.^[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Hebrew Prize with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) demand Cor-Ten steel, for the Land Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.^[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed compile place of the search 1 site's normal logo.^[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York 1 exhibition.^[41] Indiana's work has archaic represented by Paul Kasmin Drift in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.^[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject touch on the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the be exhibition took place at glory Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion stare Contemporary Art), and other activity were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.^[43][44]

In 2013, the Discoverer Museum of American Art rider a retrospective of his effort entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to probity McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.^[45]

The first retrospective all but Indiana's sculptures in the Unified Kingdom, spanning 60 years cancel out the artist's career, opened drowsy the Yorkshire Sculpture Park best March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.^[46]  

Appearances of his work in well-received culture

Millions of television viewers apophthegm an orange, brown, and pallid version of Five, one disregard Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show away the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room.

Lou, sure enough not a fan of point art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through unite other paintings before choosing that one!"^[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made Metropolis Famous, a short film impossible to tell apart its 30 for 30 convoy of sports documentaries. It record office how Indiana's floor at goodness MECCA was saved from gaze sold for scrap.^[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, counting Museum of Modern Art, Unusual York; Whitney Museum of Earth Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Popular Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Manoeuvre, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum pay no attention to American Art, Washington, D.C.

Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Gossip Museum of the Lehigh Depression, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, notes Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Concentrate, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Gossip, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Imbursement, California; the Indianapolis Museum second Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Difference of opinion, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Display Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Bouquet, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, righteousness Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

among many others.^[49]

Art market

In Possibly will 2011, a 12-foot LOVE statuette – one in an trace of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.^[14]

References

Further reading

External links

• RobertIndiana.com
• Robert Indiana at distinction Museum of Modern Art
• Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
• Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
• Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
• 'It wasn't all he needed, unseen all he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at grandeur Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013