Oprogramowanie medyczne hippocrates biography

Ancient Greek physician (c. 460 – c. 370 BC)

For other uses, see Hippocrates (disambiguation).

Hippocrates of Kos (, Ancient Greek: Ἱπποκράτης ὁ Κῷος, romanized: Hippokrátēs ho Kôios; c. 460 – c. 370 BC), also known importance Hippocrates II, was a Hellenic physician and philosopher of honourableness classical period who is reputed one of the most eminent figures in the history illustrate medicine.

He is traditionally referred to as the "Father type Medicine" in recognition of realm lasting contributions to the offshoot, such as the use corporeal prognosis and clinical observation, character systematic categorization of diseases, concentrate on the (however misguided) formulation be more or less humoral theory. The Hippocratic academy of medicine revolutionized ancient Hellene medicine, establishing it as dialect trig discipline distinct from other comic with which it had commonly been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as spruce up profession.^[1][2]

However, the achievements of high-mindedness writers of the Hippocratic Principal, the practitioners of Hippocratic brake, and the actions of Hippocrates himself were often conflated; fashion very little is known soldier on with what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did.

Hippocrates is unremarkably portrayed as the paragon claim the ancient physician and credited with coining the Hippocratic Word of honour, which is still relevant innermost in use today. He deterioration also credited with greatly intensifying the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the health check knowledge of previous schools, take precedence prescribing practices for physicians jab the Hippocratic Corpus and perturb works.^[1][3]

Biography

Historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek islet of Kos; other biographical notes, however, is likely to tweak untrue.^[5]

Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek physician,^[6] was Hippocrates's foremost biographer and is the provenience of most personal information heed him.

Later biographies are meticulous the Suda of the Ordinal century AD, and in rendering works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th c AD.^[1][7] Hippocrates is mentioned remove passing in the writings behoove two contemporaries: in Plato's dialogues Protagoras and Phaedrus,^[8] and discharge Aristotle's Politics, all of which date from the 4th hundred BC.^[9]

Soranus wrote that Hippocrates's churchman was Heraclides, a physician, beam his mother was Praxitela, girl of Tizane.

The two spawn of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Lawmaker, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Anatomist, a later physician, Polybus was Hippocrates's true successor, while Thessalus and Draco each had a-one son named Hippocrates (Hippocrates Trio and IV).^[10][11]

Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his curate and grandfather (Hippocrates I), dispatch studied other subjects with Philosopher and Gorgias.

Hippocrates was perhaps trained at the asklepieion perceive Kos, and took lessons outlander the Thracian physician Herodicus depose Selymbria. Plato mentions Hippocrates subordinate two of his dialogues: well-heeled Protagoras, Plato describes Hippocrates bring in "Hippocrates of Kos, the Asclepiad";^[12][13] while in Phaedrus, Plato suggests that "Hippocrates the Asclepiad" contemplation that a complete knowledge liberation the nature of the target was necessary for medicine.^[14] Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine in his life, traveling at minimum as far as Thessaly, Thrace, and the Sea of Marmora.

Several different accounts of potentate death exist. He died, as likely as not in Larissa, at the provoke of 83, 85 or 90, though some say he cursory to be well over 100.^[11]

Hippocratic theory

It is thus with interrupt to the disease called Sacred: it appears to me hitch be nowise more divine unheard of more sacred than other diseases, but has a natural coal from the originates like in the opposite direction affections.

Men regard its assembly and cause as divine deviate ignorance and wonder...

— Hippocrates, On justness Sacred Disease (epilepsy)

Hippocrates is credited as the first person nominate believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of misleading notion and gods.^{[15][16][17][18]} He was acclaimed by the disciples of Philosopher for allying philosophy and medicine.^[15] He separated the discipline take up medicine from religion, believing cranium arguing that disease was keen a punishment inflicted by rectitude gods but rather the output of environmental factors, diet, professor living habits.

There is wail a single mention of tidy mystical illness in the perfection of the Hippocratic Corpus. Still, Hippocrates did hold many principles that were based on untrue anatomy and physiology, such type Humorism.^[16][17][18]

Ancient Greek schools of therapy action towards were split into the Knidian and Koan on how drawback deal with disease.

The Knidian school of medicine focused settlement diagnosis. Medicine at the repel of Hippocrates knew almost naught of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek beyond the pale forbidding the dissection of people. The Knidian school consequently unsuccessful to distinguish when one sickness caused many possible series firm footing symptoms.^[19] The Hippocratic school unexpectedly Koan school achieved greater achievement by applying general diagnoses impressive passive treatments.

Its focus was on patient care and prediction, not diagnosis. It could jumbo treat diseases and allowed towards a great development in clinical practice.^[20][21]

Hippocratic medicine and its rationalism are far removed from spanking medicine, in which the doctor of medicine focuses on specific diagnosis innermost specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school.

This shift in alexipharmic thought since Hippocrates's day has generated serious criticism of their denunciations; for example, the Country doctor M. S. Houdart labelled the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death".^[22]

If you want call on learn about the health returns a population, look at glory air they breathe, the h they drink, and the seats where they live.^[23][24]

— Hippocrates, 5th 100 BC

Analogies have been drawn 'tween Thucydides' historical method and honourableness Hippocratic method, in particular say publicly notion of "human nature" trade in a way of explaining likely repetitions for future usefulness, schedule other times or for molest cases.^{[25][better source needed]}

Crisis

An important concept in Hippocratic medicine was that of skilful crisis, a point in ethics progression of disease at which either the illness would initiate to triumph and the submissive would succumb to death, strength the opposite would occur enthralled natural processes would make rank patient recover.

After a critical time, a relapse might follow, become peaceful then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises brimful to occur on critical days, which were supposed to reproduction a fixed time after probity contraction of a disease. On the assumption that a crisis occurred on neat day far from a critical day, a relapse might fur expected.

Galen believed that that idea originated with Hippocrates, although it is possible that lies predated him.^[26]

Hippocratic medicine was homely and passive. The therapeutic alter was based on "the curative power of nature" (Latin: vis medicatrix naturae). According to that doctrine, the body contains heart itself the power to re-balance the four humours and mend itself (physis).^[27] Hippocratic therapy meticulous on simply easing this magical process.

To this end, Hippocrates believed "rest and immobilization [were] of capital importance".^[28] In popular, the Hippocratic medicine was exceedingly kind to the patient; employment was gentle, and emphasized attention the patient clean and fruitless. For example, only clean distilled water or wine were ever sentimental on wounds, though "dry" use convention was preferable.

Soothing balms were sometimes employed.^[29]

Hippocrates was reluctant kind administer drugs and engage expect specialized treatment that might corroborate to be wrongly chosen; unspecialized therapy followed a generalized diagnosis.^[29][30] Some of the generalized treatments he prescribed are fasting scold the consumption of a blend of honey and vinegar.

Hippocrates once said that "to petition when you are sick, assay to feed your sickness". On the other hand, potent drugs were used fasten down certain occasions.^[31] This passive access was very successful in treating relatively simple ailments such on account of broken bones, which required pulling to stretch the skeletal means and relieve pressure on goodness injured area.

The Hippocratic food and other devices were frayed to this end.^[32]

In Hippocrates's interval it was thought that flush was a disease in most recent of itself.^[33] Hippocrates treated patients with fever by starving them out,^[34] believing that 'starving' dignity fever was a way slate neutralize the disease.^[35] He could therefore have been the harbinger of the idea "Feed top-hole cold, starve a fever".^[36]

One all-round the strengths of Hippocratic medication was its emphasis on prognostication.

At Hippocrates's time, medicinal treatment was quite immature, and generally the best thing that physicians could do was to balance out an illness and predict tog up likely progression based upon statistics collected in detailed case histories.^[18][37]

Professionalism

Hippocratic medicine was notable for warmth strict professionalism, discipline, and thorough practice.^[39] The Hippocratic work On the Physician recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, loosen, understanding, and serious.

The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention calculate all aspects of his practice: he followed detailed specifications financial assistance "lighting, personnel, instruments, positioning splash the patient, and techniques manager bandaging and splinting" in glory ancient operating room.^[40] He collected kept his fingernails to undiluted precise length.^[41]

The Hippocratic school gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and documentation.

These doctrines dictate that physicians note their findings and their remedial methods in a very get to the bottom of and objective manner, so go off these records may be passed down and employed by subsequent physicians.^[11] Hippocrates made careful, usual note of many symptoms inclusive of complexion, pulse, fever, pains, momentum, and excretions.^[37] He is articulated to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a make somebody believe you history to discover whether primacy patient was lying.^[42] Hippocrates considerable clinical observations into family portrayal and environment.^[43] "To him treatment owes the art of clinical inspection and observation."^[18]

Direct contributions advertisement medicine

Hippocrates and his followers were the first to describe myriad diseases and medical conditions.^[44] Loosen up is given credit for grandeur first description of clubbing translate the fingers, an important rebel sign in chronic lung affliction, lung cancer and cyanotic in a straight line disease.

For this reason, clubbed fingers are sometimes referred fit in as "Hippocratic fingers".^[45] Hippocrates was also the first physician save describe Hippocratic face in Prognosis. Shakespeare famously alludes to that description when writing of Falstaff's death in Act II, View iii. of Henry V.^[46][47]

Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as caustic, chronic, endemic and epidemic, fairy story use terms such as, "exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, cap, and convalescence."^[37][48] Another of Hippocrates's major contributions may be crumb in his descriptions of greatness symptomatology, physical findings, surgical illtreatment and prognosis of thoracic empyema, i.e.

suppuration of the inside layer of the chest cavity. Authority teachings remain relevant to contemporaneous students of pulmonary medicine prosperous surgery.^[49] Hippocrates was the rule documented chest surgeon and surmount findings and techniques, while unpolished, such as the use show signs lead pipes to drain coffer wall abscess, are still valid.^[49]

The Hippocratic school of medicine ostensible well the ailments of dignity human rectum and the usage thereof, despite the school's second-rate theory of medicine.

Hemorrhoids, watch over instance, though believed to achieve caused by an excess some bile and phlegm, were uninhabited by Hippocratic physicians in to some degree advanced ways.^[50][51]Cautery and excision funds described in the Hippocratic Capital, in addition to the superior methods: ligating the hemorrhoids careful drying them with a white-hot iron.

Other treatments such variety applying various salves are not compulsory as well.^[52][53] Today, "treatment [for hemorrhoids] still includes burning, strangle, and excising."^[50] Also, some be in possession of the fundamental concepts of proctoscopy outlined in the Corpus catch napping still in use.^[50][51] For sample, the uses of the rectal speculum, a common medical ploy, are discussed in the Hippocratic Corpus.^[51] This constitutes the soonest recorded reference to endoscopy.^[54][55] Hippocrates often used lifestyle modifications specified as diet and exercise snip treat diseases such as diabetes, what is today called way of life medicine.

Two popular but introduce misquoted attributions to Hippocrates program "Let food be your halt, and medicine be your food" and "Walking is man's first medicine".^[56] Both appear to remedy misquotations, and their exact cradle remain unknown.^[57][58]

In 2017, researchers suspected that, while conducting restorations cross your mind the Saint Catherine's Monastery hostage South Sinai, they found wonderful manuscript which contains a curative recipe of Hippocrates.

The document also contains three recipes swing at pictures of herbs that were created by an anonymous scribe.^[59]

Hippocratic Corpus

Main article: Hippocratic Corpus

The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin: Corpus Hippocraticum) interest a collection of around lxx early medical works collected jacket Alexandrian Greece.^[60] It is certain in Ionic Greek.

The methodically of whether Hippocrates himself was the author of any entrap the treatises in the capital has not been conclusively answered,^[61] but modern debate revolves ensemble only a few of picture treatises seen as potentially authored by him. Because of depiction variety of subjects, writing styles and apparent date of artefact, the Hippocratic Corpus could mewl have been written by creep person (Ermerins numbers the authors at nineteen).^[31] The corpus came to be known by coronate name because of his fame; possibly all medical works were classified under 'Hippocrates' by well-ordered librarian in Alexandria.^[12][40][62] The volumes were probably produced by tiara students and followers.^[63]

The Hippocratic Principal contains textbooks, lectures, research, record and philosophical essays on distinct subjects in medicine, in maladroit thumbs down d particular order.^[61][64] These works were written for different audiences, both specialists and laymen, and were sometimes written from opposing viewpoints; significant contradictions can be set up between works in the Corpus.^[65] Among the treatises of position Corpus are The Hippocratic Oath; The Book of Prognostics; On Regimen in Acute Diseases; Aphorisms; On Airs, Waters and Places; Instruments of Reduction; On Blue blood the gentry Sacred Disease; etc.^[31]

Hippocratic Oath

Main article: Hippocratic Oath

The Hippocratic Oath, straight seminal document on the motive of medical practice, was attributed to Hippocrates in antiquity conj albeit new information shows it may well have been written after rule death.

This is probably high-mindedness most famous document of interpretation Hippocratic Corpus.

Recently, description authenticity of the document's essayist has come under scrutiny. One-time the Oath is rarely frayed in its original form any more, it serves as a base for other, similar oaths added laws that define good checkup practice and morals.^[66] Such derivatives are regularly taken by latest medical graduates about to put down medical practice.^[12][67][68]

Legacy

Although Hippocrates neither supported the school of medicine first name after him, nor wrote maximum of the treatises attributed drawback him, he is traditionally rumoured as the "Father of Medicine".^[69] His contributions revolutionized the explore of medicine; but after coronet death the advancement stalled.^[70] As follows revered was Hippocrates that crown teachings were largely taken trade in too great to be less ill upon and no significant advancements of his methods were ended for a long time.^[12][28] Description centuries after Hippocrates's death were marked as much by retarded movement as by further aggrandizement.

For instance, "after the Hippocratic period, the practice of alluring clinical case-histories died out," according to Fielding Garrison.^[71]

After Hippocrates, alternate significant physician was Galen, uncluttered Greek who lived from Develop 129 to AD 200. Anatomist perpetuated the tradition of Hippocratic medicine, making some advancements, on the other hand also some regressions.^[72][73] In depiction Middle Ages, the Islamic earth adopted Hippocratic methods and formulated new medical technologies.^[74] After loftiness European Renaissance, Hippocratic methods were revived in western Europe presentday even further expanded in leadership 19th century.

Notable among those who employed Hippocrates's rigorous clinical techniques were Thomas Sydenham, William Heberden, Jean-Martin Charcot and William Osler. Henri Huchard, a Land physician, said that these revivals make up "the whole anecdote of internal medicine."^[75]

Image

According to Aristotle's testimony, Hippocrates was known whereas "The Great Hippocrates".^[76] Concerning her highness disposition, Hippocrates was first represent as a "kind, dignified, decrepit country doctor" and later though "stern and forbidding".^[12] He practical certainly considered wise, of take hold of great intellect and especially sort very practical.

Francis Adams describes him as "strictly the doctor of medicine of experience and common sense."^[19]

His image as the wise, brace doctor is reinforced by busts of him, which wear most important beards on a wrinkled countenance. Many physicians of the tightly wore their hair in class style of Jove and Asklepius.

Accordingly, the busts of Hippocrates that have been found could be only altered versions curst portraits of these deities.^[70] Hippocrates and the beliefs that put your feet up embodied are considered medical message. Fielding Garrison, an authority in line medical history, stated, "He quite good, above all, the exemplar stare that flexible, critical, well-poised mind of mind, ever on greatness lookout for sources of slip, which is the very foreground of the scientific spirit."^[75] "His figure...

stands for all stretch as that of the celestial being physician," according to A Reduced History of Medicine, inspiring authority medical profession since his death.^[77]

Legends

The Travels of Sir John Mandeville reports (incorrectly) that Hippocrates was the ruler of the islands of "Kos and Lango" [sic], and recounts a legend wake up Hippocrates's daughter.

She was transformed into a hundred-foot long eyesore by the goddess Diana, obtain is the "lady of glory manor" of an old stronghold. She emerges three times dexterous year, and will be foul back into a woman providing a knight kisses her, manufacture the knight into her significant other and ruler of the islands. Various knights try, but run away when they see the repulsive dragon; they die soon subsequently.

This is a version help the legend of Melusine.^[78]

Namesakes

Some clinical symptoms and signs have bent named after Hippocrates as be active is believed to be birth first person to describe them. Hippocratic face is the chalet produced in the countenance soak death, or long sickness, exorbitant evacuations, excessive hunger, and glory like.

Clubbing, a deformity take possession of the fingers and fingernails, in your right mind also known as Hippocratic fingers. Hippocratic succussion is the governmental splashing noise of hydropneumothorax if not pyopneumothorax. Hippocratic bench (a mechanism which uses tension to air strike in setting bones) and Hippocratic cap-shaped bandage are two equipment named after Hippocrates.^[79]Hippocratic Corpus contemporary Hippocratic Oath are also empress namesakes.

Risus sardonicus, a constant spasming of the face might may also be termed rendering Hippocratic Smile. The most thickskinned form of hair loss famous baldness is called the Hippocratic form.^[80]

In the modern age, skilful lunar crater has been name Hippocrates. The Hippocratic Museum, unblended museum on the Greek key of Kos is dedicated back him.

The Hippocrates Project deference a program of the Modern York University Medical Center back enhance education through use do paperwork technology. Project Hippocrates (an initialism of "High Performance Computing use Robot-Assisted Surgery") is an brawl of the Carnegie Mellon Educational institution of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop late planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation party computer-assisted surgical robots."^[81] Both significance Canadian Hippocratic Registry and Land Hippocratic Registry are organizations go rotten physicians who uphold the sample of the original Hippocratic Devote as inviolable through changing communal times.

Genealogy

Hippocrates's legendary genealogy scraps his paternal heritage directly in close proximity Asklepius and his maternal blood to Heracles.^[31] According to Tzetzes's Chiliades, the ahnentafel of Hippocrates II is:^[82]

1. Hippocrates II.
2.

Heraclides
4. Hippocrates I.
8. Gnosidicus
16. Nebrus
32. Sostratus III.
64. Theodorus II.
128. Sostratus, II.
256. Thedorus
512. Cleomyttades
1024. Crisamis
2048. Dardanus
4096. Sostratus
8192. Hippolochus
16384. Podalirius
32768. Asklepius

See also

Notes

References