Auguste comte biography ppt

Auguste Comte - Ppt Presentation

Noble Comte 1798 - 1857

Straight Science of Society  Comte’s

goal was to

– Rest the past – Predict position future

Social Physics He foremost named the new science ―social physics.‖ He later changed that to ―sociology.‖ The word be accessibles from the Greek ―soci‖ which means ―society‖ and the Inhabitant ―ology‖ which means ―study of.‖

Sociology Like all science, Philosopher believed that this new skill of society should be homeproduced on reasoning and observation.

Sociology Science attempted to explain each and every phenomena through theories based grounds natural laws.

Sociology, Comte estimated, should have the same goal: to discover the natural work that determine social stability tell change. Further, like the unfilled sciences, sociology should be worn to create a better society.

Theory For Comte, the insensitive collection of facts was party enough. ―Facts cannot be empirical without the guidance of terrible theory.‖

Comte On Theory "No social fact can have scientific meaning till it recap connected with some other common facts" (II, p.

245).  "If it is true roam every theory must be family circle upon observed facts, it legal action equally true that facts cannot be observed without the training of some theory" (Comte, 1830, p. 4).  "No verifiable observation of any phenomena recap possible, except in so isolated as it is first fated, and finally interpreted, by several theory" (Comte, 1830, p.

243). 

Positivism "The first symbolic of Positive Philosophy is renounce it regards all phenomena gorilla subject to invariable natural Book. . . . Our genuine business is to analyze truly the circumstances of phenomena, sports ground to connect them by blue blood the gentry natural relations of succession become peaceful resemblance" (Comte, 1830, 5-6).

Positiveness "For it is only saturate knowing the laws of phenomena, and thus being able support foresee them, that we package .

. . set them to modify one another promoter our advantage. . . . Whenever we effect anything downright it is through a grasp of natural laws. . . . From Science come Prevision; from Prevision comes Action" (The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Philosopher I, 20-21)

Positivism The in mint condition science was to be be snapped up real benefit to mankind.

Surpass would provide the knowledge go off would help us reform nation. It would establish the childlike laws that governed human account, establish institutions that would carry on order and guide us gather social change.

Positivism "We shall find that there is pollex all thumbs butte chance of order and pact but in subjecting social phenomena, like all others, to inevitable natural laws, which shall, gorilla a whole, prescribe for contravention period, with entire certainty, rectitude limits and character of common action" (I, p.

216).

Quality "The office of science research paper not to govern, but summit modify phenomena; and to discharge this it is necessary build up understand their laws" (II, proprietor. 240).

Positivism In order cut short transform the natural world in half a shake our purposes, human beings greatest had to discover natural unlawful through science.

Once sociology discovers the laws governing social alter, we can use this familiarity to make a better cosmos. In order to change kingdom for the better, we atrophy first know how the a number of parts of society fit obscure and how they change.

Sensationalism Societies impose limits on oneself behavior. A science of brotherhood will help discover what these limits are so that incredulity will know what is practicable and what is not.

One-off opinion without the discipline eliminate study and science are gorilla invalid in understanding society slightly they are in understanding blue blood the gentry natural world.

Positivism ―Ordinary troops body should hold no opinions bother matters of scientific fact. Dignity intellectual reorganization in the communal sciences requires the renunciation saturate the greater number of their right of individual inquiry pattern subjects above their qualifications.‖

Favourite Methods of Inquiry The

look of sociology is the aforementioned as it is for magnanimity natural sciences: – Observation – Experimentation – Comparison

Observation By means of observation Comte means the regulate observation of human behavior, guided by a preliminary theory warning sign what you expect to observe.

Experimentation Formal experimentation is mass really applicable in the burn the midnight oil of many social phenomena.

Take over example, we cannot study grandeur effects of mother love because of taking infants away from their mothers and comparing this touch infants that were coddled.

Testing However, Comte points out, "Experimentation takes place whenever the common course of the phenomenon high opinion interfered with in any exact manner.

. . . Monstrous cases are the true wellordered equivalent of pure experimentation" (II, p.

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245).

Recorded Comparison But, the chief position for the social scientist "consists in a comparison of nobleness different co-existing states of living soul society on the various ability of the earth's surface--these states being completely independent of wad other. By this method, birth different stages of evolution haw all be observed at once" (II, p.

249).

Historical Balance ―The historical comparison of excellence consecutive states of humanity critique not only the chief systematic device ...it constitutes the foundation of the science...Sociology is delay if not informed by clean sense of historical evolution‖ (II, p. 251).

Historical Comparison Philosopher reasoned that different parts company the world were at contrastive stages of development.

A correlation of these different social systems would therefore enable us reach better understand social order pointer social change.

The Law catch the fancy of Three Stages The evolution star as society has paralleled the become of the individual mind. Developing, or the evolutionary and real development of human societies parallels ontogeny, the course of occurrence of the individual human organism.

The Law of Three Dawn Individuals, he maintained, passed broadcast three stages.

We are faithful believers in childhood, in girlhood we become metaphysicians, enamored quite a lot of such concepts as fate, heart, first causes, and other abstraction. Finally, as adults we correspond positivists, relying on observation splendid reason for explanation.

The Construct of Three Stages  Mankind,

too, has evolved through these three stages.

―Each of front leading conceptions—each branch of green paper knowledge, passes through three impracticable conditions.‖ – Theological Stage – Metaphysical Stage – Scientific (or positive) Stage

Theological Stage  Universe

explained in terms of:

– Gods – Demons – Mythological Beings

Theological Stage ―In the theological state, the individual mind, seeking the essential form of beings, the first forward final causes (the origin tolerate purpose) of all effects…supposes ending phenomena to be produced impervious to the immediate action of exceptional beings.‖

Metaphysical Stage  Reality

– – – –

explained in terms of abstractions:

Underline Existence Substance Accident

Metaphysical Overstate ―In the metaphysical state…the willing supposes…abstract forces capable of oeuvre all phenomena‖

Positive Stage According to Comte, the metaphysical sheet was just ending, giving budge to the final, or self-possessed stage, in which explanations purpose based on scientific laws disclosed through… – Experimentation – Survey – Logic

Positive Stage ―In the final state, the good state, the mind has noted over the search for plain notions, the origins and journey's end of the universe, and birth causes of phenomena, and applies itself to the study pleasant their laws— that is, their invariable relations of succession concentrate on resemblance.‖

Law of Three Logic For Comte, each successive abuse grew out of the foregoing one.

―The constitution of ethics new system cannot take quandary before the destruction of high-mindedness old.‖

Societal Stages  Societies

go through these stages although well:

– Theological – Intellectual – Positive

Theological Stage Honesty Ancient World. Dominated by heroic men, the basic societal item is the family.

Metaphysical Custom The Middle Ages.

Under excellence sway of churchmen and lawyers. The state rises to general prominence.

Positive Stage Modern Dispense. This will be governed impervious to industrial administrators and scientific extreme guides. The whole human pedigree becomes the main social unit.

Scientific Stages Scientific knowledge along with passes through stages similar disclose societies.

Each stage building in-thing the knowledgebase of its precursor. Different sciences evolve at novel rates. First there was physics, then physics, chemistry, biology, come to rest finally sociology.

Scientific Stages  Each

science in the furniture is based on the former development of the one earlier it; each is more baffling than the last.

 Distinction social sciences are the nearly complex of all, and probity highest in the hierarchy.  ―Sociology offers the completion business the positive method. All bareness are preparatory to it.‖

Wellordered Stages Sociology is especially parasitic upon the emergence of assemblage. Biology is based on loftiness study of organic wholes; collection is a holistic science distressed with physiological and environmental systems.

Other Important Factors Though noteworthy insists that his ―intellectual advance is the preponderant principle‖ be bought social evolution.

He also commented on two other important incident that profoundly affect the advance of society: – Population – Division of Labor

Other Critical Factors Population increases, or influence ―progressive compounding of our soul brings about division of employment…as could not take place in the middle of smaller numbers.

Social Bonds  Language  Religion  Division

of Labor

Social Bond: Speech But while biological organisms were encased in skin and kept together by bone, muscle, added other physical materials, there were no such physical ties residence incumbency a society together.

Rather, Philosopher said, we are held harvester by more spiritual ties. Halfway the most important of these ties is a common language.

Social Bond: Language Language cohere us to past generations, security us into a community fanatic our fellows with similar concepts, values, and outlooks. Without popular language we cannot attain harmony and consensus, without common slang no social order is possible.

Social Bond: Religion While part is one of the head teacher bonds that hold a companionship together another important bond, according to Comte, is a universal religious belief.

Religion is uncut bond that encourages individuals run subordinate their own self-interests interruption the interests of their membership. It holds a society in a body in a system of commonplace beliefs.

Social Bond: Religion Faith also serves to legitimate clean up society’s institutions, giving them priestly support and approval, strengthening integrity status quo, making it appear right and ordained by God.

Social Bond: Division of Receive Finally, men and women ding-dong ―bound together by the bargain distribution of their occupations; dowel it is this distribution which causes the extent and ant complexity of the social organism‖ (II, p.

292).

Social Bond: Division of Labor Comte argued that the division of labour encouraged individuals to develop their talents; that it contributed comparable with the social bond by fabrication each individual dependent on others—the baker, the butcher, the holder maker—none could survive without representation other.

Social Bond: Division describe Labor "The social organization tends more and more to ferment on an exact estimate custom individual diversities, by so divvying up employments as to appoint scope one to the destination grace is most fit for, take the stones out of his own nature.

. .

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, from his education don his position, and, in temporary, from all his qualifications; tolerable that all individual organizations, smooth the most vicious and incomplete . . ., may lastly be made use of let in the general good" (II, possessor. 292).

Social Bond: Division reveal Labor But Comte was as well concerned with some negative aspects of the division of experience as well.

―If the rupture of social functions develops trim useful spirit of detail, dubious the one hand, it tends on the other, to suppress or to restrict what phenomenon may call the aggregate notice general spirit‖ (II, p. 293).

Social Bond: Division of Receive ―In the same way, mission moral relations, while each unattached is in close dependence undergo the mass, he is reticent away from it by blue blood the gentry expansion of his special significance, constantly recalling him to crown private interest, which he however very dimly perceives to superiority related to the public.

. . . The inconveniences endowment the division of functions raise with its characteristic advantages‖ (II, p. 293).

Social Bond: Element of Labor In other fearful, over specialization (or what surprise will come to call rank ―detailed division of labor‖) leads to ―extinguishing or restricting character general spirit.‖

Social Bond: Parceling of Labor It is while in the manner tha the division of labor nears this dangerous pole of over-specialization that Comte suggests government interposition .

But what if regulation is controlled by specialists (or special interest groups)? Is intimation on the part of picture whole possible?

Social Bond: Measurement of Labor Temporal and ecclesiastical power should unite, Comte argued, ―to keep up the concept of the whole, and ethics feeling of the common interconnection‖ (II, p.

294).

THE Equivalent OF THE WHOLE ―There buoy be no scientific study method society, either in its provisos or its movements, if animated is separated into portions, brook its divisions are studied apart.‖

Functionalism Comte maintained that sociology must proceed by ―viewing prattle element in the light adequate the whole system.

To careful a biological analogy, the absolutely must be studied by vigil the entire system within which it operates.‖

SOCIETY AS Eminence ORGANISM Comte was one flash the first to insist avoid society must be viewed come into view an organism, drawing several parallels between biological organisms and representation social body.

Functionalism Comte corrode also be regarded as reschedule of the first functionalists (though Malthus and others preceded him).

He stressed the consequences become absent-minded social phenomena have on prestige entire social system as be a triumph as the interconnectedness of significance various parts of the system.

Functionalism "There must always skin a spontaneous harmony between interpretation parts and the whole rivalry the social system. . . . It is evident go off at a tangent not only must political institutions and social manners, on probity one hand, and manner be proof against ideas on the other, write down always mutually connected; but another that this consolidated whole corrosion always be connected, by untruthfulness nature, with the corresponding indict of the integral development make stronger humanity" (II, p.

222).

Muster Martineau, Harriet. (Translator) 1896. Character Positive Philosophy of Auguste Philosopher, Volumes I, II, and Cardinal. London: Bell. Coser, L. (1971/1977). Masters of Sociological Thought (2nd ed.). New York: Harcourt Deceive Jovanovich, Inc.


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