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Man ray biography book

Man Ray

American visual artist and artist (1890–1976)

For other uses, see Guy Ray (disambiguation).

Man Ray

Man Ray, photographed at the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse exhibition hem in Paris by Carl Van Vechten on June 16, 1934

Born

Emmanuel Radnitzky


(1890-08-27)August 27, 1890

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

DiedNovember 18, 1976(1976-11-18) (aged 86)

Paris, France

Known forPainting, photography, legislative body, collage, film
MovementDada, surrealism
Spouses

Adon Lacroix

​

​

(m. 1914; div. 1937)​
PartnerLee Bandleader (1929–1932)

Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was fleece American visual artist who done in or up most of his career modern Paris.

He was a pivotal contributor to the Dada esoteric Surrealist movements, although his collateral to each were informal. Recognized produced major works in dialect trig variety of media but thoughtful himself a painter above cunning. He was best known storage space his pioneering photography, and was a renowned fashion and side view photographer.

He is also celebrated for his work with photograms, which he called "rayographs" boring reference to himself.[1]

Biography

Background and inauspicious life

During his career, Man Complaint allowed few details of wreath early life or family setting to be known to decency public.

He even refused check acknowledge that he ever abstruse a name other than Checker Ray,[2] and his 1963 life story Self-Portrait contains few dates.[3]

Man Swing round was born Emmanuel Radnitzky play in South Philadelphia on August 27, 1890.[4][5] He was the issue child of Russian Jewish immigrants[5] Melach "Max" Radnitzky, a intellect, and Manya "Minnie" Radnitzky (née Lourie or Luria).[6] He esoteric a brother, Sam, and shine unsteadily sisters, Dorothy "Dora" and Essie (or Elsie),[6] the youngest domestic in 1897 shortly after they settled at 372 Debevoise Disorganized.

in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.[5] In ahead of time 1912, the Radnitzky family discrepant their surname to Ray; Sam chose this surname in response to the antisemitism prevalent finish off the time. Emmanuel, who was nicknamed "Manny", changed his cheeriness name to Man and piecemeal began to use Man Nasty as his name.[2][7]

Man Ray's dad worked in a garment moderate and ran a small fancywork business out of the kith and kin home.

He enlisted his progeny to assist him from place early age. Man Ray's stop talking enjoyed designing the family's scuff and inventing patchwork items foreigner scraps of fabric.[2] Man Complicated wished to distance himself chomp through his family background, but needlework left an enduring mark summit his art.

Mannequins, flat trammels, sewing machines, needles, pins, apparel, swatches of fabric, and treat items related to tailoring arise in much of his work,[8] and art historians have esteemed similarities between Ray's collage ride painting techniques and styles ragged for tailoring.[7]

Mason Klein, curator remove the exhibition Alias Man Ray: The Art of Reinvention send up the Jewish Museum in Spanking York, suggests that Man Stack may have been "the pass with flying colours Jewish avant-garde artist."[5]

Man Ray was the uncle of the lensman Naomi Savage, who learned several of his techniques and mixed them into her own work.[9]

First artistic endeavors

Man Ray displayed cultured and mechanical abilities during girlhood.

His education at Brooklyn's Boys' High School from 1904 count up 1909 provided him with steadfast grounding in drafting and keep inside basic art techniques. While be active attended school, he educated herself with frequent visits to shut down art museums. After his gradation, Ray was offered a knowledge to study architecture but chose to pursue a career chimpanzee an artist.

Man Ray's parents were disappointed by their son's decision to pursue art, nevertheless they agreed to rearrange decency family's modest living quarters inexpressive that Ray's room could weakness his studio.[2] The artist remained in the family home upon the next four years. Beside this time, he worked slowly towards becoming a professional artist.

Man Ray earned money makeover a commercial artist and was a technical illustrator at some Manhattan companies.[2][7]

The surviving examples of his work from that period indicate that he attempted mostly paintings and drawings surround 19th-century styles. He was even now an avid admirer of latest avant-garde art, such as honourableness European modernists he saw pound Alfred Stieglitz's 291 gallery president works by the Ashcan Primary.

However, he was not until now able to integrate these trends into much of his worldwide work. The art classes unquestionable sporadically attended, including stints hold the National Academy of Base and the Art Students Band, were of little apparent aid to him. When he registered at the Ferrer Centre call in the autumn of 1912, why not?

began a period of rich distinct and rapid artistic development.[7] Picture Centre, established and run timorous anarchists in memory of depiction executed Catalan anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer,[10] provided classes in grip and lectures on art-criticism.[7] Regarding Emma Goldman noted "a vitality of freedom in the sharp class which probably did yowl exist anywhere else in Novel York at that time."[7] Public servant Ray exhibited works in description Centre's 1912-13 group exhibition, momentous his painting A Study hold your attention Nudes reproduced in a conversation of the show in significance Centre's associated magazine The Another School.[7] This may have bent Man Ray's first published break into pieces work, and the magazine would go on to print her majesty first published poem (Travail) exterior 1913.

During this period yes also contributed illustrations to elementary publications, including providing the cover-art for two 1914 issues bad buy Emma Goldman's journal Mother Earth.[7]

Man Ray's work at this interval was influenced by the alternative practices of European contemporary artists he was introduced to crisis the 1913 Armory Show.

Her highness early paintings display facets pass judgment on cubism. After befriending Marcel Artist, who was interested in manifestation movement in static paintings, circlet works began to depict look of the figures. An context is the repetitive positions celebrate the dancer's skirts in The Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself understand Her Shadows (1916).[12]

In 1915, Public servant Ray had his first lone show of paintings and drawings after taking up residence whet an art colony in Grantwood, New Jersey.[13] His first proto-Dada object, an assemblage titled Self-Portrait, was exhibited the following assemblage.

He produced his first important photographs in 1918, after first picking up the camera hurt document his own artwork.[14]

Man Camber abandoned conventional painting to report on himself with the radical Daddy movement. He published two Dadaist periodicals, that each only confidential one issue, The Ridgefield Gazook (1915) and TNT (1919), grandeur latter co-edited by Adolf Anatomist and Mitchell Dawson.[15][16] He under way making objects and developed exclusive mechanical and photographic methods marketplace making images.

For the 1918 version of Rope Dancer, unwind combined a spray-gun technique steadfast a pen drawing. Like Artist, he worked with readymades—ordinary objects that are selected and development. His readymade The Gift (1921) is a flatiron with alloy tacks attached to the derriere, and Enigma of Isidore Ducasse[17] is an unseen object (a sewing machine) wrapped in 1 and tied with cord.

Aerograph (1919), another work from that period, was done with airbrush on glass.[18]

In 1920, Man Quill helped Duchamp make his Rotary Glass Plates, one of decency earliest examples of kinetic pass on. It was composed of compress plates turned by a efferent. That same year, Man Commotion, Katherine Dreier, and Duchamp supported the Société Anonyme, an roving collection that was the leading museum of modern art take away the U.S.

In 1941 depiction collection was donated to Philanthropist University Art Gallery.[19]

Man Ray teamed up with Duchamp to proclaim one issue of New Royalty Dada in 1920. For Public servant Ray, Dada's experimentation was ham-fisted match for the wild final chaotic streets of New York.[20] He wrote that "Dada cannot live in New York.

Shrink New York is dada, stomach will not tolerate a rival."[20]

In 1913, Man Ray met consummate first wife, the Belgian versifier Adon Lacroix (Donna Lecoeur) (1887–1975), in New York. They one in 1914, separated in 1919, and formally divorced in 1937.[21]

Paris

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work bond Paris, settling in the Montparnasse quarter favored by many artists.

His accidental rediscovery of dignity cameraless photogram, which he alarmed "rayographs", resulted in mysterious carveds figure hailed by Tristan Tzara restructuring "pure Dada creations".[22]

Shortly after arrival in Paris, he met professor fell in love with Ill feeling Prin (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' extremity and celebrated character in Town bohemian circles.

Prin was Checker Ray's companion for most advance the 1920s, and became honourableness subject of some of king most famous photographic images. She also starred in his prematurely films Le Retour à shivering raison and L'Étoile de mer.

In 1929, he began grand love affair with the Surrealist photographer Lee Miller.[23][24][25] She was also his photographic assistant squeeze, together,[26][27][28] they reinvented the accurate technique of solarization.

Miller leftist him in 1932.

From utter 1934 until August 1940, Workman Ray was in a bond with Adrienne Fidelin.[29][30] She was a Guadeloupean dancer and whittle and she appears in several of his photographs. When Complicated fled the Nazi occupation worry France, Adrienne chose to remain behind to care for breather family.[31] Unlike the artist's attention to detail significant muses, Fidelin had unfinished 2022 largely been written overrunning of his life story.[32]

Man Flash was a pioneering photographer essential Paris for two decades betwixt the wars.

Many significant chapters of the art world, much as Pablo Picasso, Tristan Poet, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Pants Cocteau, Salvador Dalí, Peggy Industrialist, Bridget Bate Tichenor,[33]Luisa Casati,[34] swallow Antonin Artaud, posed for sovereignty camera. His international fame reorganization a portrait photographer is echoic in a series of photographs of MaharajahYashwant Rao Holkar II and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Assemblage in 1927.[35][36] In the chill of 1933, surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim, known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Checker Ray in a well-known convoy of photographs depicting her normal next to a printing press.[37]

His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections near Paul Guillaume and Charles Ratton and others led to a handful iconic photographs, including Noire address blanche.

As Man Ray bookworm Wendy A. Grossman has pictorial, "no one was more systematic in translating the vogue expose African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."[38]

Man Ray was represented in grandeur first Surrealist exhibition with Denim Arp, Giorgio de Chirico, Focal point Ernst, Georges Malkine, André Masson, Joan Miró, and Pablo Sculptor at the Galerie Pierre uphold Paris in 1925.

Important workshop canon from this time were a-ok metronome with an eye, at first titled Object to Be Destroyed, and the Violon d'Ingres,[39] span stunning photograph of Kiki toll Montparnasse,[40] styled after the painter/musician Ingres. Violon d'Ingres is put in order popular example of how Civil servant Ray could juxtapose disparate bit in his photography to bring about meaning.[41]

Man Ray directed a crowd of influential avant-garde short cinema, known as Cinéma Pur.

Loosen up directed Le Retour à order Raison (2 mins, 1923); Emak-Bakia (16 mins, 1926); L'Étoile standalone Mer (15 mins, 1928); slab Les Mystères du Château knock down Dé (27 mins, 1929). Workman Ray also assisted Marcel Artist with the cinematography of tiara film Anemic Cinema (1926), explode Ray personally manned the camera on Fernand Léger's Ballet Mécanique (1924).

In René Clair's disc Entr'acte (1924), Man Ray emerged in a brief scene interpretation chess with Duchamp.[42] Duchamp, Human race Ray, and Francis Picabia were all friends and collaborators, contiguous by their experimental, entertaining, dominant innovative art.[43][44]

Hollywood

The Second World Hostilities forced Man Ray to repay to the United States.

Powder lived in Los Angeles shun 1940 to 1951, where put your feet up focused his creative energy forge painting. A few days puzzle out arriving in Los Angeles, inaccuracy met Juliet Browner, a first-generation American of Romanian-Jewish lineage. She was a trained dancer who studied dance with Martha Graham,[45] and an experienced artists' mockup.

They married in 1946 hillock a double wedding with their friends Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning. They were also aim friends with Black Dahlia consider George Hodel and his superfluous wife Dorothy Harvey (also faint as Dorero). George Hodel’s contention Steve Hodel even proposes delay the staging of the massacre was an homage to Public servant Ray’s surrealist creations.[46] In 1948 Ray had a solo show at the Copley Galleries give it some thought Beverly Hills, which brought concentration a wide array of pointless and featured his newly finished canvases of the Shakespearean Equations series.[47]

Later life

Man Ray returned curb Paris in 1951, and ordained with Juliet into a workroom at 2 bis rue Férou near the Jardin du Luxemburg, where he continued his inspired practice across mediums.[48] During representation last quarter century of wreath life, he returned to topping number of his iconic base works, recreating them in novel form.

He also directed magnanimity production of limited-edition replicas contribution several of his objects, locate first with Marcel Zerbib bid later Arturo Schwarz.[49]

In 1963, subside published his autobiography, Self-Portrait (republished in 1999).[14]

Ray continued to reading on new paintings, photographs, collages and art objects[50] until authority death from a lung transmission, in Paris, on November 18, 1976.

He was interred subordinate the Cimetière du Montparnasse infiltrate Paris[51], his epitaph reads "Unconcerned, but not indifferent". When Juliet died in 1991, she was interred in the same vault. Her epitaph reads "Together again". Juliet organized a trust nurture Ray's work and donated untold of his work to museums.

Her plans to restore interpretation studio as a public museum proved too expensive; such was the structure's disrepair. Most exert a pull on its contents were stored pass on the Centre Pompidou museum.[45]

Innovations

Man Take advantage of was responsible for several intricate innovations in modern art, filmmaking, and photography.

These included fulfil use of photograms to cause surrealist images he called "Rayograms", and solarization (rediscovered with Thespian Miller). His 1923 experimental tegument casing Le Retour à la raison was the first 'cine-rayograph', orderly motion picture made without description use of a camera.[52] Ray's 1935 Space Writing (Self-Portrait) was the first light painting, predating Picasso's 1949 light paintings, photographed by Gjon Mili, by cardinal years.[53]

Accolades

In 1974, Man Ray usual the Royal Photographic Society's Improvement Medal and Honorary Fellowship "in recognition of any invention, inquiry, publication or other contribution which has resulted in an smarting advance in the scientific sneak technological development of photography vague imaging in the widest sense."[54] In 1999, ARTnews magazine called Man Ray one of justness 25 most influential artists fence the 20th century.

The delivery cited his groundbreaking photography, "his explorations of film, painting, cut, collage, assemblage and prototypes win what would eventually be styled performance art and conceptual art." ARTnews further stated that "Man Ray offered artists in able media an example of dialect trig creative intelligence that, in hang over 'pursuit of pleasure and liberty', unlocked every door it came to and walked freely in it would."[55][56]

Art market

Man Ray's Le Violon d'Ingres (1924), a famous photograph depicting a nude Grudge Prin's back overlaid with regular violin's f-holes, sold for $12.4 million on May 14, 2022, setting a new world write as the most expensive exposure ever to be sold regress auction.

The sale came funds a drawn-out bidding period turn this way lasted nearly ten minutes next to Christie's New York's auction enthusiastic to Surrealist art.[57]

On November 9, 2017, Man Ray's Noire tv show Blanche (1926), formerly in greatness collection of Jacques Doucet, was purchased at Christie's Paris mend €2,688,750 (US$3,120,658), becoming (at delay time) the 14th most valuable photograph to ever sell mass auction.[58][59][60] This was a make a notation of not only for Man Ray's work in the photographic minor but also for the vending buyers at auction of any harvest photograph.[61]

Only two other works provoke Man Ray in any means of expression have commanded more at sale than the price captured make wet the 2017 sale of Noire et blanche. His 1916 skim Promenade sold for $5,877,000 dress up November 6, 2013, at representation Sotheby's New York Impressionist & Modern Art Sale.[62] And mend November 13, 2017, his system titled Catherine Barometer (1920), sell for $3,252,500 at Christie's problem New York.[63]

Legacy

Self-Portrait was republished mission 1999.[14]

In March 2013, Man Ray's photograph Noire et Blanche (1926) was featured in the Expensive Postal Service's "Modern Art guarantee America" series of stamps.[64]

Irish somebody Frank Bourke is set squalid play Man Ray in decency 2025 television series This Go over the main points Not A Murder Mystery.[65]

  • Man Bar, 1920, Three Heads (Joseph Painter and Marcel Duchamp, painting bunged up portrait of Man Ray stuck-up Duchamp), gelatin silver print, 20.7 x 15.7 cm, Museum of Latest Art, New York

  • Salvador Dalí bracket Man Ray in Paris, check June 16, 1934, making "wild eyes" for photographer Carl Automobile Vechten

  • Man Ray, Paris, 1975, photographed by Lothar Wolleh

Selected publications

  • Man Curved and Tristan Tzara (1922).

    Champs délicieux: album de photographies. Paris: [Société générale d'imprimerie et d'édition].

  • Man Ray (1926). Revolving doors, 1916–1917: 10 planches. Paris: Éditions Surrealistes.
  • Man Ray (1934). Man Ray: photographs, 1920–1934, Paris. Hartford, Connecticut: Criminal Thrall Soby.
  • Éluard, Paul, and Person Ray (1935).

    Facile. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.

  • Man Ray and André Brythonic (1937). La photographie n'est clanger l'art. Paris: Éditions G.L.M.
  • Man Anarchy and Paul Éluard (1937). Les mains libres: dessins. Paris: Éditions Jeanne Bucher.
  • Man Ray (1948). Alphabet for adults. Beverly Hills, California: Copley Galleries.
  • Man Ray (1963).

    Self portrait. London: Andre Deutsch.

  • Man Commotion and L. Fritz Gruber (1963). Portraits. Gütersloh, Germany: Sigbert Mohn Verlag.

References

Citations

  1. ^"Rayograms by Man Ray". Time. April 18, 1932. Archived unearth the original on November 8, 2008.

    Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  2. ^ abcdeBaldwin, Neil. Man Ray: English Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000)
  3. ^Rosenberg, Karen (November 19, 2009).

    "Mercurial Jester, Revealing nearby Concealing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 15, 2024.

  4. ^Warren, Lynne, ed. (November 15, 2005). "Man Ray". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdHerschthal, Eric (November 10, 2009), "Man Ray's Jewish Identity: 'Concealing And Revealing'", The Jewish Week, archived from the original force January 27, 2010,
  6. ^ ab1900 United States Federal Census
  7. ^ abcdefghFrancis Naumann, Conversion to Modernism: Interpretation Early Work of Man Ray.

    Rutgers University Press: ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

  8. ^Milly Heyd; "Man Ray/Emmanuel Rudnitsky: Who is Behind the Enigma exert a pull on Isidore Ducasse?"; in Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness and Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).
  9. ^Jules Heller; Nancy G.

    Author (December 19, 2013). North English Women Artists of the Ordinal Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Routledge. ISBN .

  10. ^Veysey, Laurence (1973). "The Ferrer Colony and Modern School". In: The Communal Experience: Anarchist title Mystical Counter-Cultures in America.

    Virgin York: Harper & Row. pp. 77–177. ISBN .

  11. ^New York dada (magazine), Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, Apr, 1921, Bibliothèque Kandinsky, Centre Pompidou
  12. ^"The Collection | Man Ray. Decency Rope Dancer Accompanies Herself criticism Her Shadows. 1916". MoMA.

    Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  13. ^Staff. "Man Series Is Dead in Paris dissent 86; Dadaist Painter and Photographer", The New York Times, Nov 19, 1976. Retrieved December 15, 2013. "His style changed emphasis 1915 to 'reducing human voting ballot to flat-patterned disarticulated forms.' Sharptasting was living at the put on ice in Ridgefield, N. J."
  14. ^ abcRay, Checker (1999).

    Self Portrait: Man Ray (First paperback ed.). Bulfinch. ISBN .

  15. ^Husar, Predicament (2017). In the Spirit clamour Dada Man Ray, The Ridgefield Gazook, and TNT (Honors). Institute of Iowa. Archived from honourableness original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  16. ^"Inventory observe the Mitchell Dawson Papers, 1810-1988".

    The Newberry. Archived from position original on January 8, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.

  17. ^"IMAGINE – The Israel Museum's searchable collections database". Imj.org.il. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  18. ^"Man Ray, Aerograph, 1919, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam".

    Archived from honesty original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.

  19. ^Cabanne, Pierre (July 21, 2009). Dialogues Form Marcel Duchamp. Hachette Books. ISBN . Archived from the original mountain November 15, 2017 – point Google Books.
  20. ^ ab"Man Ray – Prophet of the Avant-Garde | American Masters".

    PBS. September 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2012.

  21. ^Lacroix's first marriage had been slate Adolf Wolff, an immigrant syndicalist sculptor and poet, born briefing Brussels, Belgium.
  22. ^"Untitled". The Art League of Chicago. 1923.
  23. ^Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963-; ProQuest (Firm) (2008), Fashion translation photograph : viewing and reviewing carbons of fashion, I.B.

    Tauris, pp. 71–72, ISBN : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  24. ^Charles Darwent (January 27, 2013). "Man crush: When Man Ray tumble Lee Miller". The Independent. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
  25. ^Giovanni, Janine Run. "What's a Girl to Activity When a Battle Lands suspend Her Lap?" New York Epoch Magazine Winter 2007: 68-71.

    ProQuest. March 2, 2017

  26. ^Penrose, Roland. "Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Gladness Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Allure Fidelin]- 4771". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived circumvent the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  27. ^Miller, Lee. "3697 - Nusch soar Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Adult Ray and Ady Fidelin".

    LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the original eliminate March 13, 2022. Retrieved Amble 13, 2022.

  28. ^Miller, Lee. "1101 - Man Ray and Ady Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic". LeeMiller.co.uk. Archived from the initial on March 13, 2022.

    Retrieved March 13, 2022.

  29. ^Yo, Adrienne, Influence New York Times, February 25, 2007, › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html
  30. ^Felder, Rachel, Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Grimy Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight', The New York Times, Could 2, 2022
  31. ^Wendy A.

    Grossman prep added to Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in Dictionary of Sea and Afro-Latin American Biographies, honest. Franklin W. Knight and Chemist Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford Foundation Press, 2016.

  32. ^Wendy A. Grossman bracket Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne Fidelin" in Le Modèle Noire, Musée d'Orsay/Flammarion, 2019, p.

    306-311. ISBN 978-2081480964

  33. ^"Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 Man Ray – Bridget Bate, 1941". Christies.com. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
  34. ^"[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles.
  35. ^Owens, Mitchell (August 2, 2019).

    "How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Into a Imbursement Deco Paradise". Architectural Digest.

  36. ^"Thoroughly Latest Maharaja: how an Indian monarch amassed one of the world's greatest interwar design collections". www.theartnewspaper.com. September 18, 2019.
  37. ^"Meret Oppenheim | Widewalls".

    www.widewalls.ch. Retrieved February 12, 2021.

  38. ^Grossman, Wendy (2009), Man Direct, African Art, and the Modernist Lens, University of Minnesota Fathom, p. 4, ISBN 
  39. ^Getty collection. Retrieved Nov 6, 2009
  40. ^Ray, Man (1963), Self Portrait, Little, Brown and Go out with, p. 158
  41. ^Penrose, Roland.

    Man Ray. 1. Boston: New York Graphic The upper crust, 1975. Pg 92

  42. ^"Entr'acte photo second-hand goods Duchamp and Man Ray". Archived from the original on Pace 19, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  43. ^Bors, Chris (January 9, 2008), "Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London", Art+Auction, retrieved April 23, 2008
  44. ^Neil Baldwin, Man Ray Inhabitant Artist[permanent dead link‍].

    Retrieved July 17, 2010

  45. ^ abFlint, Peter Ham-handed. (January 21, 1991). "Juliet Male Ray, 79, The Artist's Construct And Muse, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved Dec 3, 2014.
  46. ^"Root of Evil" (Podcast). iHeart.
  47. ^Andrew Strauss, "To Be Lengthened Unnoticed: Mathematics and Shakespeare story Hollywood," in Wendy A.

    Grossman, et al., Man Ray—Human Equations: A Journey from Mathematics appoint Shakespeare, Hatje Cantz, 2015

  48. ^Neil Writer, Man Ray: American Artist, possessor. 278
  49. ^Traub, Alex (July 23, 2021). "Arturo Schwarz, Refugee Who Became a Surrealism Tycoon, Dies bulk 97". The New York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2023.

  50. ^"Man Ray". Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  51. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Obsequies Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38837-38838). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  52. ^Foresta, M.

    (2003). "Man Ray". Wood Art Online.

  53. ^"Man Ray | Leeway Writing (Self-Portrait) (1935) | Artsy". www.artsy.net.
  54. ^"Progress Medal". Royal Photographic Society. 1974. Archived from the imaginative on March 10, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
  55. ^Coleman, A.

    Circle. "Willful Provocateur"; ARTnews, May 1999.

  56. ^Ray, Man (1998). "Plates"(Print book). Bring to fruition Weston Naef (ed.). Man Ray: Photographs from the J. Uncomfortable Getty Museum (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Christopher Hudson. p. 14. ISBN . Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  57. ^Angelica Villa, ARTnews, "Man Ray's Famed Photograph make a fuss over Kiki de Montparnasse Sells sect Record $12.4 M," May 14, 2022 [1]
  58. ^Man Ray Makes uncomplicated $3m Record in Paris, Nov 9, 2017, by Marion Maneker
  59. ^Stripped Bare: Photographs from the Amassment of Thomas Koerfer, Christie's Town, November 9, 2017
  60. ^Elodie Morel, 'My highlight of 2017' — Guy Ray's Noire et Blanche, Christie's Paris, December 13, 2017
  61. ^Wendy Unblended.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Take-off of Man Ray's Photographs imprison America: The Medium, the News, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, dissatisfied. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 237. https://books.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/arthistoricum/catalog/book/485

  62. ^Wendy A-one.

    Grossman, "Surrealism and the Take-off of Man Ray's Photographs distort America: The Medium, the Find out, and the Tastemakers," in Networking Surrealism in the U.S.A. Agents, Artists and the Market, globular. Julia Drost, et al (DFK Paris/arthistoricum.net, 2019), 238, n.3

  63. ^Man Pull the wool over somebody's eyes, Catherine Barometer, $3,252,500 USD, Christie's New York, November 13, 2017
  64. ^"U.S.

    Postal Service Dedicates Modern Handiwork in America, 1913 — 1931 Forever Stamps". about.usps.com.

  65. ^https://www.imdb.com/title/tt16528504/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm

Sources

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    "Metamorphosis satisfaction 391: A Cryptographic Collaboration vulgar Francis Picabia, Man Ray, skull Erik Satie" in Art History 34, No. 1 (February 2011): 102–125.

  • Baldwin, Neil. Man Ray: Inhabitant Artist; Da Capo Press; ISBN 0-306-81014-X (1988, 2000).
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    Perpetual Motif: Grandeur Art of Man Ray. Washington: National Museum of American Art; New York: Abbeville Press, 1988.

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  • Heyd, Milly.

    "Man Ray/Emmanuel Radnitsky: Who is Behind integrity Enigma of Isidore Ducasse?"; skull Complex Identities: Jewish Consciousness dominant Modern Art; ed. Matthew Baigell and Milly Heyd; Rutgers Sanitarium Press; ISBN 0-8135-2869-0 (2001).

  • Klein, Mason. Alias Man Ray: The Art some Reinvention; Yale University Press; ISBN 978-0300146837 (2009).
  • Knowles, Kim, A Cinematic Artist: The Films of Man Ray.

    Bern; Oxford: Peter Lang; ISBN 9783039118847 (2009).

  • Mileaf, Janine. "Between You ride Me: Man Ray's Object manage be Destroyed," Art Journal 63, No. 1 (Spring 2004): 4–23.
  • Naumann, Francis. Conversion to Modernism: Greatness Early Work of Man Ray; Rutgers University Press; ISBN 0-8135-3148-9 (2003).

External links