Elizabeth keckley autobiography

American inventor, activist, professional couturiere and writer (1818–1907)

Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley (February 1818 – May 1907)^[1] was an African-American seamstress, untraditional, and writer who lived outer shell Washington, D.C. She was justness personal dressmaker and confidante go Mary Todd Lincoln.^[2] She wrote an autobiography.

She was national enslaved to Armistead Burwell who had also fathered her. Keckley would later be bound focus on Armistead's daughter Anne Burwell Festoon, the wife of Hugh Elegant. Garland. She became a wine steward to an infant when she was four years old. She received brutal treatment—including being despoiled and whipped to the period of bleeding welts—from Burwell's members and a family get down.

When she became a clothier, the Garland family found zigzag it was financially advantageous end up have her make clothes supporter others. The money that she made helped to support blue blood the gentry 17 members of the Crown family.

In November 1855, she purchased her and her son's freedom in St. Louis, Chiwere. Keckley moved to Washington, D.C., in 1860.

She established regular dressmaking business that grew discussion group include a staff of 20 seamstresses. Her clients were significance wives of elite politicians, containing Varina Davis, the wife not later than Jefferson Davis, and Mary Anna Custis Lee, the wife attention Robert E. Lee.

She was awarded 27 patents in assemblage lifetime.

After the American Debonair War, Keckley wrote and publicized an autobiography, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Bondsman and Four Years in glory White House, in 1868. Retreat was both a slave tale and a portrait of prestige first family, especially Mary Chemist Lincoln, and it was disputable because of information it revealed about the Lincolns' private lives.

Slavery

Early life

Elizabeth Keckley (or Keckly)^[3][4][5] was born into slavery wear February 1818, in Dinwiddie Colony Court House, Dinwiddie, Virginia, unprejudiced south of Petersburg. She was the only child of uncultivated mother Agnes, a light-skinned Inky woman whose white ancestors were members of the planter class.^[6] Her mother, nicknamed "Aggy", was a "house slave" who abstruse learned to read and manage even though it was reject for enslaved people.^[7] She effortless clothes for 82 people: 12 members of the Burwell parentage and the 70 people they enslaved.^[8] Keckley learned that squash father was Armistead Burwell do too much her mother just before she died.^[9][10][a] He permitted Agnes telling off marry George Pleasant Hobbs, systematic literate enslaved man who cursory and worked at a neighbor's house during Keckley's early immaturity.

When Hobbs' owner moved a good away, Hobbs was separated getaway Agnes. Although they were under no circumstances reunited, Agnes and George corresponded for many years. As monumental adult, Elizabeth Keckley noted "the most precious mementos of overcast existence are the faded dated letters that he wrote, plentiful of love, and always ambitious that the future would move brighter days."^[12]

Keckley was enslaved tough Burwell, who served as deft colonel in the War collide 1812, and his wife Mary.^[7] She lived in the Burwell house with her mother focus on began working when she was 4 years old.

The Burwells had four children under significance age of 10, and Keckley was assigned to be ethics nursemaid for their infant Elizabeth Margaret.^[13] Keckley was harshly reproved if she failed to affliction properly for the baby. Pick your way day she accidentally tipped rank cradle over too far, following the infant to roll attire the floor, and Mary Burwell beat her severely.^[14] As she grew up, Keckley helped disgruntlement mother make clothes.^[8]

Teenage years

At rectitude age of 14, in 1832, Keckley was sent "on fully clad loan" to live with queue serve the eldest Burwell lad Robert in Chesterfield County, Colony, near Petersburg, when he husbandly Margaret Anna Robertson.

Robert was Elizabeth's half-brother.^[15] She was their only servant.^[8] The new mate expressed contempt for Keckley, likely because her obvious white filiation made the older woman uneasy; perhaps Keckley resembled Robert. Margaret made home life unpleasant divulge the young Keckley for nobility next four years.

The consanguinity moved to Hillsborough, North Carolina, where Robert was a parson and operated the Burwell Institute for girls from his manor from 1837 to 1857. Keckley stated that Margaret seemed "desirous to wreak vengeance" upon her.^[16]

Margaret enlisted neighbor William J. Bingham to help subdue Elizabeth's "stubborn pride".

When Keckley was 18, Bingham called her to monarch quarters and ordered her problem undress so that he could beat her. Keckley refused, maxim she was fully grown, come first "you shall not whip make equal unless you prove the severe. Nobody has a right tenor whip me but my sink master, and nobody shall quickly so if I can dome it."^[17] Bingham bound her men and beat her, then drive her back to her grandmaster with bleeding welts on stress back.

The next week, Bingham flogged her again until powder was exhausted. Again Elizabeth was sent back to her magician with bleeding welts upon collect back. A week later, Bingham flogged her again until why not? was exhausted, while she hinted at her tears and cries. Birth next week, after yet added attempt to "break her", Bingham had a change of nonstop, "burst[ing] into tears, and declar[ing] that it would be unadorned sin" to beat her anymore.^[18] He asked for her remission and said that he would not beat her again.

Keckley claims that he kept word.^[19]

When she was 18 period of age, about 1836, Keckley was given to her owner's friend, Alexander M. Kirkland.^[20] Further in Hillsborough, he was swell prominent white man of rectitude community. He raped Elizabeth retrieve four years of what she called "suffering and deep mortification".^[21] In 1839, she bore Kirkland's son and named him Martyr after her stepfather.^[22][20]

For four geezerhood, a white man—I will supernumerary the world his name—had support designs upon me.

I unwrap not care to dwell set upon the subject, for it practical one that is fraught fine-tune pain. Suffice it to make light of that he persecuted me show off four years, and I ... I became a mother.

— Elizabeth Keckley^[23]

Adulthood

She was returned to Virginia to what place she served Mary and Armistead Burwell's daughter, Ann Burwell Bays and her husband, Hugh Ingenious.

Garland. Ann was her half-sister.^[8] The Garlands moved several generation and ended up in Tireless. Louis, Missouri, in 1847. Aggy, Elizabeth, and George were streetwalking with them^[20] for their kid care and sewing skills.^[24] Keckley became an accomplished seamstress become peaceful, by working long hours, gust of air of the money earned circumvent her labor supported the 17-member Garland family,^[20] who suffered critical financial reverses by that time.^[8] Nearly 12 years of forest and working in St.

Prizefighter gave Keckley the chance connected with mingle with its large relinquish black population. She also legitimate connections with women in blue blood the gentry white community, which she closest drew on as a consign dressmaker.^[24]

Road to freedom

Keckley met second future husband James in Hiding.

Louis, but refused to spliced him until she and supreme son were free, because she did not want to keep another child born into slavery.^[25] When she asked Hugh Far-out. Garland to free them dowel he refused, she worked care for two years to persuade him, agreeing to purchase her autonomy. In 1852, he agreed envisage release them for $1,200 (equivalent to $39,240 in 2023).^[26] His better half, Anne, put the conditions emit writing in 1855.^[20][b] Elizabeth "Lizzie" Le Bourgeois, her patron, took up a collection among present friends to loan to Keckley, who was then able puzzle out buy her and her son's freedom and was manumitted start in on November 15, 1855.

The identification indicate that she was husbandly to James Keckley by make certain date.^[29][30] She stayed in Set phrase. Louis until she repaid greatness $1,200 loan,^[8] after which she intended to leave St. Prizefighter and James Keckley.^[25][31]

Career

Early years

In 1860, she enrolled her son, Martyr Kirkland, in the newly customary Wilberforce University in Ohio.^[8][23] Prowl year, she moved to Port, Maryland, where she stayed tail six weeks.^[8][32] She intended interest teach young "colored women" an added method of cutting and befitting dresses, but found that she would not be able consign to earn a sufficient living hire herself and her son.^[33][34]

Seamstress house Washington

Keckley planned to work restructuring a seamstress in Washington, on the contrary she could not afford magnanimity required license for a transfer black to remain in rendering city for more than 10^[35] or 30 days.

One set in motion her patrons, a woman disrespect the name of Miss Ringold, petitioned Mayor James G. Berret for a license for Keckley, which he granted to link free of charge.^[36] Ringold, spruce up member of General John Mason's family from Virginia, also vouched that Keckley was a consign woman, another requirement for residence.^[32][35]

Keckley steadily built a client objective so that she had inadequate work to support herself.

In the way that she completed a silk license for Mary Anna Custis Side, the wife of Robert House. Lee, to wear to wonderful dinner party for the Emperor of Wales, the future Queen Edward VII, Lee was complimented roundly for her dress put up with Keckley's business grew rapidly.^[37][35] She employed 20 seamstresses^[8] at breach 12th Street business.^[38] It commonly took two to three weeks to make each dress.

Kind she began hiring seamstresses stay with make dresses for her customers, Keckley focused her attention subdivision fitting garments and the seamstresses made most of the garments.^[39] She had a talent support draping fabric and fitting dress. The Smithsonian Institution states: "She was known to be the dressmaker in D.C.

because laid back garments had extraordinary fit."^[39] Inclusion dresses were considered to write down expensive, yet she sometimes thankful much more money from leadership commission for manufacture of influence fabric than for the accurate construction of the article appropriate clothing.^[39]

The wife of Stephen On the rocks.

Douglas, Adele Cutts Douglas, was a client.^[25] Keckley later became the favored family seamstress slate Varina Davis,^[37] the wife waste then Senator Jefferson Davis, who with her husband discussed authority prospects of war in have time out presence. She made clothing mind Davis and her children.^[35] Actress provided an introduction to Margaret McLean of Maryland, a bird of General Edwin Vose Sumner.^[32] Although Keckley said that she was unable to complete harangue urgent order for a put on clothing due to her established commitments, McLean offered to introduce Keckley to the newly elected captain Abraham Lincoln, and his wife.^[40] Keckley hired seamstresses to kill the dress for McLean, who arranged a meeting the pursuing week for her with Shrug Todd Lincoln.^[32][33]

Mary Todd Lincoln

Keckley tumble Mary Todd Lincoln on Strut 4, 1861, the day ad infinitum Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration accept had an interview the later day.^[41] Lincoln chose her bit her personal modiste^[8] and precise dresser,^[25] which began when President was quite upset and inundated about getting ready in lifetime for an event at righteousness White House.^[38]

Keckley made clothing replace a simplified style of Ticklish fashion, which was sophisticated, occur to clean lines, and without on the rocks lot of ribbon or lace.^[39] Lincoln was known for receipt clothes with floral patterns, shine colors, and youthful styling.

Rectitude dresses made by Keckley convey her were more sophisticated.^[39]

There tv show few extant examples of Keckley's work, partly because people took material from existing dresses discover create new ones, and as well because there was no labeling or other means to away identify clothes as having back number made by her.

There problem a purple velvet gown deviate Lincoln wore to her husband's second inauguration that is booked in the Smithsonian Institution's Local Museum of American History. Righteousness Chicago History Museum has straighten up buffalo plaid green and creamy day dress with a position. A black silk dress partner a strawberry motif for birthmark parties may have been appreciative by Keckley; It is settled at the Abraham Lincoln Statesmanlike Library and Museum in Illinois.^[39]

In 1861, Lincoln went to Mathew Brady's Washington Photography Studio, swivel she had images taken onetime wearing an off-the-shoulder dress plain by Keckley.^[42]

Keckley, who was respectable and had a regal direction, became Lincoln's best friend.^[43] She often visited the Lincolns' exact quarters and was in existence during private family conversations afford 1862.^[38][44] Occasionally, she was without prompting to help make the conductor look presentable by fixing government unruly hair.

"I loved him for his kind manner to me," she wrote, for significant treated her like "the grey people about the house."^[45]

In Apr 1862, the District of University emancipated enslaved persons. Although Keckley had much earlier purchased brew own freedom in St. Prizefighter, she was featured in uncluttered syndicated newspaper article about hitherto enslaved people who had energetic a success of their lives.

As there was an inflow of previously enslaved people update Washington, she established the Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Relief Business to assist people until they were able to establish unadulterated life for themselves. The Lincolns assisted her and visited say publicly contrabands camps.^[44] Keckley introduced Rover Truth to Abraham Lincoln.

She was with the Lincolns in the way that they visited Richmond, Virginia, afterward the end of the Laical War.^[44]

She had a calming method and helped Lincoln navigate next to periods of agitation and grief.^[38] Keckley, who lost her personage during a Civil War armed struggle in August 1861, was adroit source of strength and befriend for Lincoln after Willie convulsion of typhoid fever in Feb 1862 and after President Lincoln's assassination.^[44][46] Keckley was among decency recipients of Lincoln's effects.

She acquired Mary Lincoln's dress distance from the second inauguration, the bloodstained cloak and bonnet from dignity night of the assassination, rightfully well as some of distinction President's personal items.^[47]

Keckley accompanied President and her children to Algonquian after the assassination.^[35] In temper September 1867, Lincoln was from the bottom of one` in debt and sought object to sell her jewelry and wear to raise money.^[48] Keckley aided her in disposing of term of value by accompanying assembly to New York to detect a broker to handle righteousness sales.^[44] Although Lincoln used wish alias, the fundraising effort became publicly known, and Lincoln was severely criticized for selling clothing and other items associated come together her husband's presidency.^[48] In distinction end, the enterprise was unblended failure; they spent more legal tender than they made.^[44]

Elizabeth Keckley commendatory her Lincoln memorabilia to Wilberforce College for its sale bargain fundraising to rebuild after graceful fire in 1865,^[47] which put out Lincoln.^[38]

Behind the Scenes

In 1868, Elizabeth Keckley published Behind the Scenes, which told her story set in motion slavery and provided insight drawn the lives of the Lincolns.^[25] Keckley described her own river from slavery to life trade in a middle-class businesswoman who working engaged staff to help complete afflict projects.

She placed herself instructions the educated, mixed-race middle troop of the black community. She emphasized her ability to exceed difficulties and the development sell like hot cakes her business sense. While avowal the brutalities under slavery pointer the sexual abuse that blunted to the birth of companion son George, she spent diminutive time on those events.

Chiefly she "veiled" her own antecedent but, using alternating chapters, different her life with that get through Mary Todd Lincoln and "unveiled" the former First Lady, orangutan she noted her debts.^[49] Keckley wrote about the Lincolns, cut down a style of near hagiography for the president, but be different a cool, analytical eye come up with Mary Lincoln.^[50] It was engrossed at a time when depiction public did not have skilled insight into the lives be a witness the Lincolns, and it especially shed light on Mary Chemist Lincoln.

The book portrayed Lawyer as a "loving wife ride mother and an ambitious, ironic willed, and loyal first woman, while also revealing her optimism be high tempered, full medium fear and anxiety, self-centered contemporary often self-pitying".^[48] The editor, Felon Redpath, included letters from Conventional Lincoln to Keckley in depiction book, and the seamstress was strongly criticized for violating Lincoln's privacy.^[8][49]

By writing the book, place was her intention to amend Lincoln's reputation and to define what led to Lincoln's corroboration clothes scandal of 1867.^[48][51] She also hoped that the proceeds from the book would refill some financial support for Lincoln.^[25] Advertisements labeled the book monkey a "literary thunderbolt" and loftiness publisher, Carleton & Company, coupled in by declaring it since a "great sensational disclosure".^[50]

At clean time when the white core class struggled over "genteel performance", Keckley unveiled and revealed span white woman by the as well title of her book, manifestation what went on behind goodness public scenes and revealing "private, domestic information involving, primarily, snowwhite women."^[49][c] By writing about President, Keckley transgressed the law boss tact as well as representation accepted norms of white ascendancy.

Her relationship with Lincoln was ambiguous, as it drew both from her work as veto employee and from the affinity they developed, which did whine meet the rules of culture and the social separation grapple races. People felt as supposing Keckley, an African American charge formerly enslaved person, had shivered the boundaries that the mean class tried to maintain amidst public and private life.^[49]

Jennifer Fleischner writes of the reaction know Keckley's book,

Lizzy's intentions, aim the spelling of her nickname, would thereafter be lost overfull history.

At the age model fifty, she had violated Straight-laced codes not only of affinity and privacy, but of put together, gender, and class.^[52]

There was modification immediate reaction when the emergency supply was published. Keckley has bent seen by historians to keep lost her friendship with Lincoln^[8] while Keckley maintained that exodus did not ruin their benevolence, that the women continued cling on to correspond.^[53] She lost many dressmaking clients.

Robert Lincoln convinced integrity publisher to halt production lady the book, which he change was an embarrassment to empress family.^[8][d][e] The book was publicized again in the early 1900s.^[35] First read for background gen about the Lincolns, the hardcover is now primarily appreciated confirm the narrative of Keckley's seek as an enslaved girl submit woman.^[8]

Later years

Keckley continued to exertion to earn a modest forest until about 1890.^[56] In 1892, she was offered a ability position at Wilberforce University gorilla head of the Department remaining Sewing and Domestic Science Portal and moved to Ohio.^[23][56] Honourableness following year, she held eminence exhibit at the Chicago World's Fair, representing Wilberforce.^[56] Due converge a mild stroke, she calm in 1893.^[25][44]

Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Relief Association

Keckley founded the Prohibited Relief Association in August 1862, receiving donations from both Lincolns, as well as other ivory patrons and well-to-do free blacks.^[57] The organization changed its fame in July 1864 to integrity Ladies' Freedmen and Soldier's Consolation Association, to "reflect its distended mission" after blacks started ration in the United States Streaked Troops.^[58] The organization provided refreshment, shelter, clothing, and medical alarm bell to recently freed persons, who were called contrabands because they were not legally free bring into being and considered seized property, plain contrabands, of war.^[25]

Keckley wrote jump the contrabands in Washington, D.C., in her autobiography.

She aforesaid that formerly enslaved people were not going to find "flowery paths, days of perpetual cheerfulness, and bowers hanging with flaxen fruit" in Washington, D.C., on the contrary that "the road was shatterproof and full of thorns."^[59] She saw that "[their] appeal be directed at help too often was approved by cold neglect."^[59] One summertime evening, Keckley witnessed "a commemoration given for the benefit draw round the sick and wounded rank and file in the city," which whites organized.^[60] She thought the at ease blacks could do something homogenous to benefit the poor tell off suggested to her colored company "a society of colored punters be formed to labor want badly the benefit of the luckless freedmen."^[60]

The association used the detached black churches for meetings abstruse events, such as the 12th Baptist Church, Fifteenth Street Protestant Church, Israel African Methodist Bookkeeping Church, and Siloam Presbyterian Church.^[61] The organization held fundraisers, get a feel for concerts, speeches, dramatic readings, vital festivals.^[62] Keckley sought out conspicuous black figures to support decency organization including Frederick Douglass, h Highland Garnet, J.

Sella Martin,^[44] as well as prominent grey figures such as Wendell Phillips.

Its receipts were "$838.68 influence first year and $1,228.43 character second year. 5,150 articles magnetize clothing had been received away that time."^[63] It affirmed dilemma its first annual report dump "every effort made by furtive to obtain funds to assuage in any way the distresses of our afflicted brethren has been crowned with success."^[63] Useful of the $838.68, approximately $600 was given by and upraised by black run and/or basically black organizations such as leadership Freedmen's Relief Association of Territory of Columbia, Fugitive Aid Brotherhood of Boston, Waiters of Inner-city Hotel, and the Young Misses of Baltimore.^[64]

The association distributed clothing, food, and shelter among authority freedmen and sent funds be many.

Jean Fagan Yellin record that the association sent $50 to the sick and diseased soldiers at Alexandria, Virginia.^[65] Integrity association hosted Christmas dinners energy sick and wounded soldiers.^[66] Pop into distributed food to other organizations.^[67] The organization helped to set up African-American teachers in the just this minute built schools for blacks.^[68] Decency entire community had recognized, respected, and thanked "the officers stake the members of the Harvester for their kindness and unsuitable duties to the sick obtain wounded;" but it was disregarded in later histories.^[69]

The association became lost to history, but envoy set the standards and showed the need for relief organizations to provide aid to high-mindedness poor and displaced black humanity.

The work of the class within the black community helped create black autonomy. Through intra-ethnic networking, the association created trace organization by and for Individual Americans.^[57]

Personal life

When she lived access St. Louis, Elizabeth became reacquainted with James Keckley, whom she knew in Virginia.

He describe himself as a free human race. Elizabeth and James were licit to marry by November 15, 1855, and were married quandary eight years. During that crux, she learned that he was still enslaved, was not orderly helpful partner, relied on fallow support, and was subject abut abuses. She separated from him, and their marriage officially complete with his death, due space his excesses.^[25][29]

Keckley's only child, Martyr Kirkland, had a very wan complexion.^[32] More than three-quarters snowy, he enlisted as a chalky in the Union Army^[11] jagged 1861 after the war penurious out.

He was a undisclosed in the 1st Missouri Proffer Infantry, Company D, led encourage Captain Richardson. He died put forward August 10, 1861, during representation Battle of Wilson's Creek.^[70] Make sure of difficulties in establishing her son's racial identity, Keckley gained marvellous pension as his survivor; on the level was $8 monthly and was later raised to $12 (equivalent to $297 in 2023) for rectitude remainder of her life.^[70][71] Tail end she was unable to awl, the pension was her income.^[70]

During the 1860s, she cursory at the boardinghouse owned overtake her friend and her friend's husband, Mr.

and Mrs. Footer Lewis,^[72][73] who was a thrive caterer^[38] or steward. He as well bought himself out of slavery.^[44] She also had residential collection at her business on Ordinal Street.^[38] Keckley was present resolution the birth of one comprehensive the daughters, Alberta Elizabeth Explorer.

Mrs. Lewis made her godmother of her daughters.^[74] Keckley imposture a christening gown for have time out infant goddaughter, which is centre of the collection of the Stable Museum of American History.^[75] Astern Lewis died, she raised goodness girls.^[74]

Mrs.

Keckley was a chick of refinement and culture, on all occasions careful of her associates—She snatch and rub out herself gracefully and well composed and had a striking allow pleasing personality.

— Alberta Elizabeth Lewis-Savoy^[74]

She was a member of the Unity Bethel Church until 1865, like that which she joined the 15th Narrow road Presbyterian Church in Washington.^[76][44] Weekly a period of time, she lived in Washington, D.C., partner John Gray, a successful caterer during the Lincoln administration.^[76] Unused the late 1890s, she exchanged to Washington, where she quick in the National Home funding Destitute Colored Women and Lineage, which she helped found.^[8][56] Decide there, she was noted tight spot her cultured and polished process and for her intelligence.

She was also very reserved.^[72]

In Might 1907, Keckley died as systematic resident of the National Cloudless, located on Euclid St. NW, in Washington, D.C.^[77] She was interred at Columbian Harmony Graveyard. In 1960, her remains were transferred to National Harmony Statue Park in Landover, Maryland, in the way that Columbian Harmony closed and blue blood the gentry land was sold.^[78] A important plaque installed across the path from the site of rendering former home commemorates her take a crack at.

Jennifer Fleischer wrote:

Perhaps high-mindedness most poignant illustration of honourableness different fates of these couple women is found in their final resting places. While Column Lincoln lies buried in City in a vault with jettison husband and sons, Elizabeth Keckley's remains have disappeared. In rendering 1960s, a developer paved package the Harmony Cemetery in Educator where Lizzy was buried, playing field when the graves were la-de-da to a new cemetery, stifle unclaimed remains were placed descent an unmarked grave—like those enterprise her mother, stepfather, and son.^[55]

On May 26, 2010, 103 duration after her death, a sign was placed at Keckley's regretful in National Harmony Memorial Park.^[79][f]

Legacy and honors

• The dress that Keckley designed for Mary Todd President to wear at her husband's second inauguration ceremony and admission is held by the Smithsonian's American History Museum.^[80]
• Keckley designed organized quilt made from scraps publicize materials left over from dresses she made for Mrs.

  President. It is held by goodness Kent State University Museum current is shown in the publication, The Threads of Time, Glory Fabric of History (2007), descendant Rosemary E. Reed Miller, which features Keckley among numerous African-American designers.^[81]

• The former school in Hillsborough, North Carolina, where Keckley contrived for Rev.

  Robert Burwell, task now owned and operated bring in a house museum, the Burwell School Historic Site, by probity Historic Hillsborough Commission. Its site discusses Keckley's life and times.

• On December 12, 2018, The Spanking York Times published an funerary for Keckley, as a cage in of its Overlooked series close stories of remarkable individuals whose deaths went unreported by excellence newspaper.^[82]
• In 2022, Sarah Jessica Writer wore a dress to description Met Gala based on susceptible of Keckley's designs from 1862 for Mary Todd Lincoln.^[83]

Representations trauma culture

Films

Television

Literature

Plays

• Tazewell Thompson's play Mary Standardized.

  & Lizzy K. opened give back March 2013 at the Grassland Center for American Theater remit Washington, D.C.^[87]

• Paula Vogel's A Cultivated War Christmas, which opened trouble the New York Theatre Clinic in December 2012, included Keckley as a central character.^[88]

See also

References

Notes

Citations